The Red River Valley should have been called Flood Valley. The bottom end of North America was once the center of a Inland Sea. This sea is described as the Cretaceous Seaway, the Niobrara Sea, or just the North American Inland Sea. I drove Southeast on the Yellowhead Highway / Trans Canada Highway past the small towns of Rokeby, Saltcoats, Bredenbury, and Churchbridge. The real pioneers were the voyageurs, goods traders, fur traders, Bison hunters, and explorers. They lived, worked, and found roots in the Northwest Territories in the Boreal Forest which stretches 10,000 continuous kilometers across the land of forest and ice. The Boreal Forest starts at the treeline in the north, and the forest ends at the open prairie in Alberta, Manitoba, and Saskatchewan. The size of the forest in the land of forest and ice rivals the Amazon rain forest!
The Boreal Forest is most important FACT in Aboriginals killing Aboriginals, Genocide, and Wood Bison in the land of forest and ice. Real history is based in real facts, not Legends. The land of forest and ice has 1/3 of the circumpolar Boreal Forest on earth. The Boreal Ecosystem is a subarctic climate in the Northern Hemisphere occurring between 45 to 65 N. Non, forest and ice people need to know that modern statistics underestimate the size of the Boreal Forest. For example, as the town drunks son, I know most of the farmland around St. Brieux was Boreal Forest. Even, the town drunks son can remember the deforestation in the 60's across the land of forest and ice wherever land could be converted to alternative purposes.
The Boreal Forest covered much more than 35 percent of the land of forest and ice in the 1600s before deforestation and global warming. The the forest and ice people Land Inventory database in forest cover (1996) and Landsat thematic mapper data (1994) both provide evidence of deforestation between 1966 and 1994. The Boreal Forest covered 17,873 km2 in 1966 and 13,504 km2 in 1994. Saskatchewan had the highest conversion rate to agriculture. I knew that, eyes over numbers for the town drunks son. Simply put the annual conversion rate of the Boreal Forest is 0.89 percent over the 28 years using this data. Imagine that 28 years at .89 per year is 24.92 of the Boreal Forest.
A more reasonable estimate of the size of the Boreal Forest in the land of forest and ice in the 1600's would be 50 - 55 percent of all of our land covered by the Boreal Forest. Now, surprise! The Boreal Forest represents 77% of the forests in the land of forest and ice. Hmm. That means even more of the land of forest and ice is covered by forest in the 1600s in Upper Canada, Lower Canada, and the Northwest Territories. The real forest list is a: Boreal (largest), b: Subalpine (Alberta, Rocky Mountains, BC) c: Montane (BC Interior, Kootenay Valley, River Valleys) d: Coast (Pacific Coast of BC) e: Columbian (Kootnay Valley, Thompson Valley, Fraser River Valley, Quesnel Lake) f: Deciduous (Carolinian) (Southwestern Ontario between Lakes Huron, Erie and Ontario) g: Great Lakes/St Lawrence (Great Lakes, St, Lawrence River, Manitoba) h: Acadian (Maritime Provinces) i: Grasslands (Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta groves or bluffs around wetlands). The absolute most important FACT in the forest and ice people history is the FOREST. You can see there are other forests besides the Boreal Forest.
Now, the land of forest and ice has the Arctic Region below the North Pole and above the Boreal Forest. This area is 2 728 800 km2 or 27.4% of the total area of the land of forest and ice. Once, the Boreal Forest was 50 - 55 percent of the land of forest and ice alone. Adding another 23 percent of forest according to modern statistics brings my appreciation of this open prairie into perspective. The land of forest and ice was covered in forests. The BIG open prairie, is a lie. More on that later. The major environmental factor in the colonization of the land of forest and ice was the forests. I would suggest that three quarters of Canada was covered by trees. Remember, the land of forest and ice Boreal Forest represented nearly 1/3 of the earth's most pristine freshwater ecosystem on Earth. So why is this important? What does this have to do with Aboriginals killing Aboriginals? Was there a Genocide in the land of forest and ice? Were the Bison killed off to control the Aboriginals. Aboriginals killing Aboriginals, Genocide, and DDA in the land of forest and ice.
The early 1650s to the 1850s involves a vast imperialist commercial enterprise with the Upper Colonies, Lower Colonies, Ruperts Land, and the Northwest Territories above the 49th parallel in the land of forest and ice. The Latin motto of the Hudson Bay Co. says it all, Pro Pelle Cutem, roughly A Skin for a Skin. Did the United Nations believe the forest and ice people were skinning Aboriginals? Some do make this claim. That's wrong. There was no genocide in the land of forest and ice for those nosy hypocrites who were not here to deal with the problem.
The Aboriginal would kill and skin the animals. The Aboriginal in the Boreal Forest made the fur bearing animals pay a horrible price for the next 200 years. Genocide does not apply to animals, but the stone age Aboriginals made a serious effort in their dead harvest. Animal skins were the first "currency" adopted by the developmentally delayed aboriginals in the land of forest and ice. The Aboriginals embarked on the largest dead harvest ever known man. Meanwhile, I was driving through the small towns of Langenburg and Marchwell on my way to Ottawa.
Do you believe a Stone Age Aboriginal feels remorse? They felt no remorse trapping the beaver to near extinction in the great forests. They had no animal husbandry skills before the dead harvest. Animals were food. End of story. The Aboriginal exploitation of their environment for material gain began with the fur trade. The Aboriginal "currency" for trade was animal skin. They traded for the items they were too developmentally delayed to produce. The fur bearing animals paid the price with their skins. The pelts traveled the globe. Fortunately, the fur bearing animals had no further use for their stretched skin.
Modern day Aboriginal propaganda to the United Nations ignores the brutality of the dead harvest. The single key ingredient that made the dead harvest possible was the Aboriginal. Aboriginals relished in their "currency" for trade. Aboriginals were the only indispensable ingredient? Who would they blame for unsustainable hunting practices? There was no one else to blame. The settlers had not arrived. They culled the wildlife. The Aboriginal brutality during the dead harvest was pervasive throughout the Boreal Forest in the land of forest and ice. Then, there were changes. The dead harvest slowed in the 1850s for two reasons.
By the end, many species of fur bearing animals were trapped to near extinction levels in the forest. In part, the brutal dead hunt of the Aboriginals was their Waterloo. Without the dead hunt the Aboriginal lost their "currency". The scarcity caused by the "dead hunt" skewered their health, bargaining position, usefulness, and political influence. What do you have to trade, now?
The irony today is that modern day Aboriginal people in the land of forest and ice maintain their "closeness to nature", "animal spirit names", and environmental "awareness". Aboriginals blame every environmental problem on the forest and ice people. Most the forest and ice people know about the dead harvest? Aboriginals are like magicians. "Look at our suffering in this corner", and "we you won't see the dead dove in the false bottom of the hat". Is the United Nations optically challenged?
What saved the nervous, surviving, fur bearing animals with their skin? Was it the love in the air, or was it the love and respect for nature by Aboriginals? The fur bearing animals went out of style. Lucky for them. European fashion changed. Skin sales went down, and death rates plummeted for those nervous little guys and galls. Yes, the fickle fashion stock market changed in Paris, and the Paris market contagion spread worldwide. The world was changing. The developmentally delayed Aboriginals lost killed most of their supply of "currency", and the stock market turned against them. Paris traded the furs for cloth as industrialization for 150 years in Paris choked 95 %ers with vehicle emissions and heating as air quality fell below Beiging and over 3 times international 'safe limits' for 95%ers who could not afford air filtration. www.newshub.co.nz
The stone age Aboriginals blamed the prices on the Hudson Bay company exploiting the Aboriginal. This is often brought up in modern times by Aboriginals when they explain how everything was stolen from Aboriginals.
For the nervous little guys and gals with fur, this was the origin of the common adage "I'd rather be lucky than good"!
European civilization was making a quantum leap forward. The world evolved from leather and fur goods to printed fabric. Second best became still those American [Indian] or the forest and ice people Aboriginal skins. The tannery shops were moving to printing cloth, and thread was the word. If video killed the radio star, fashion killed the fur industry. Now, the aboriginal has killed most of the living "currency". The remaining currency will not command premium prices because the market changed, and it's second best. The poor take the nervous fur bearing animals skin out of need. This advertising plate is worth a thousand words.
1850 Fashion Magazine
The Truth and Reconciliation Commission overlooked reality and hard facts slandering the best intentions of early forest and ice people. Were Residential Schools a real need? Yes. In 1873, the land of forest and ice began the residential schools. Why? Starving aboriginals? Were the aboriginals starving? Yes. Starvation, sickness, and deteriorating health were serious factors in saving many children from homes which had little or no "currency". How would you start teaching Aboriginals about fur prices and fashion trends without an education?
Traveling Tee Pee courses in Economics and Fashion? No. The starving Aboriginals deserved some sort of education in the real world. Their fur industry was finished. It would never be back. Most of those nervous fur bearing creatures would never be plentiful again. Most were carnivores which Aboriginals never ate anyway. We did not kill their food off here either. The number of aboriginals surviving on the fur industry would be limited, permanently. Should we have let them starve? Should we have put bounties on Aboriginals like the Americans? Nice forest and ice people did the nice thing.
The United Nations wasn't even all talk and no action, then. Education is never a bad place to start. The aboriginal wanted to keep trading, but they had nothing to trade. Education was a means to communicate. Learning Aboriginal dialects in a Tee Pee simply was not going to feed the family! The majority of Aboriginals wanted the new world "things" for the last 275 years. If they didn't why did they trade for it all those years? Now, they had nothing to trade. Their labor without education was near worthless. The aboriginal wanted the knives, guns, metal, and cloth? They needed currency to trade these items.
Was a Residential School that bad of an idea? No. Our Great Explorers, Traders, and Settlers in the land of forest and ice saved hundreds of thousand of aboriginals from starvation with education and food at the collapse of the fur trade due to changes in styles and over hunting. Medicine? Work? Cold Beer? Was the problem that simple? No. Did we do our best for the Aboriginals? Yes. The forest and ice people would do better than any other people on earth in their land dominated by forests and ice. I didn't feel guilty about that in 1988, as I drove to Ottawa ON. The land of forest and ice has the ice on top. The land of forest and ice can be divided into three parts. First, starting from the North Pole is the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean and the forest and ice people islands known as the Arctic Archipelago. In 1974, the 36,563 islands of the Arctic Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean were frozen year around with the Northwest Passage. The land of forest and ice Archipelago represents about 1,424,500 km2 of our ice.
The Arctic Archipelago includes Baffin Island, Victoria Island, Ellesmere Island, Banks Island, and Deven Island.
In 1988, as I could see the browning of the land of forest and ice, as I remembered seas of green on Harvey's Run from the twin ghosts, when I drove through the small natural prairie portion of the land of forest and ice on my way to Ottawa in the spring. The Inuit in the North hunted and fished for food. The environment limited population growth to small groups of 3 or 4 families before our forest and ice people Explorers, Traders, and Settlers. Eventually, Inuit groups of 3 or 4 families grew into villages and small towns with the help of the forest and ice people. These communities grew in the areas known as the Arctic Archipelago, Nunavut and the Northwest Territories. Once again, due to the contributions of the forest and ice people Explorers, Traders, and Settlers, the metal, the knives, the gun, pots, tools, and eventually homes changed the average life expency from 20 years to 60 years. Many Inuit hate the forest and ice people. I am proud to know in 1988 that 95 percent of Inuit alive today, would have never existed or be dead without the forest and ice people. Hundreds of millions in Africa were already dying and starving from 'the dry' already in 1988, as I drove to Ottawa I could not imagine the Arctic Archipelago, the Northwest Passage, and the Arctic Ocean melted away?
Baffin Island, Devon Island, Ellesmere Island, and Greenland fishing changed from cod and halibut to add warm water fish mackerel and bluefin tuna next to a nearly ice free, Iceland.
Second, below the Arctic Region is the Boreal Forest / Forests. Third, in the southerly part of the land of forest and ice only in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta is a small tree free area called the forest and ice people Prairies. Why would Aboriginals be "food challenged", as George Bush likes to call 12 million hungry American children? I would like to explain why the forest and ice people did not starve out the Aboriginals. We start with the Plains Bison and Wood Bison?
These Bovidae mammals toyed with extinction along with the Beaver. Bison were a primary food source for Aboriginals in the small area known as the forest and ice people Prairies. The forest and ice people Prairies existed in what was then the North West Territories. Legends claim that the herds made their own thunder. That's a lie in the land of forest and ice. They seldom ran in big herds. They walked more than anything. People south of the 49th claimed the Bison made the prairie dark, in the semi arid deserts, grasslands, and prairie south of the 49th parallel. Our land of forest and ice is special! The forest and ice people are also unique in the history of this planet, as the land of forest and ice is the first wild, cold, environment opened up by 1%ers in absolute control of coal, steam engines, railways, and transportation. The opening of the land of forest and ice was the exclusive control of 1%ers! The forest and ice people are often dulled by American Legend into believing things which never occurred here in the land of forest and ice. Were Aboriginals starved out by the decline of the Bison? Did the Plains Bison die for their skins, food, clothing, ornamentation, and sport? What brought the Wood and Plains Bison to near extinction in the Forest and Prairies in the land of forest and ice? Aboriginal food.
Food. The Plains Bison lived in North America below the Boreal Forest. The forest and ice people need to understand the size of this "open prairie" before deforestation to make sense of the Aboriginal misdirection on food. The open prairie area is a small part of the land of forest and ice. Only, Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba had any significant natural open prairie. Anything you have read in the past with regards to the Bison and the land of forest and ice needs to be reconsidered regarding the wooden facts.
The feeding, breeding, and calving for Plains Bison occurs in small groups of 20 animals. That's just the way it is today and 165 - 465 years ago. Plains Bison form big herds for migration, only. Safety in numbers. Normal migration for large herbivores. The land of forest and ice experienced a tiny part of the Plains Bison herds. The Plains Bison migration only occurred in 4.8 percent of the land of forest and ice on the open prairie. Yeah, that's nothing, really. Furthermore, Plains Bison bones are more prevalent in the southern half than the northern half. In 4.8 percent of the land of forest and ice the Plains Bison were food, seasonally. The Plains Bison just cannot make it in the Boreal Forest for many of the same reasons as the Wood Bison were never plentiful in the Boreal Forest.
The Plains Bison herds would winter farther south. Think of Regina SK. The forest and ice peoples know the city name means "pile of bones" in Aboriginal dialects. Regina once had a significant number of Plains Bison, seasonally. Notice how far south a "significant" dwell. Easily half way down the small open prairie which represents 4.8 percent of the land of forest and ice. Names for places in the land of forest and ice are chosen often for area specific events, landscape, or people. Regina was pile of bones on the northern edge of the Plains Bison feeding grounds. Notice, very few cities, towns, and villages carry names remotely associated with the Plains Bison? Regina may very well be the farthest the Plains Bison came north in large numbers.
Many forest and ice peoples know the story of Regina and the pile of bones. Google, "Regina SK pile of bones". Look at the available pictures. Weed out the duplicates. The piles are not really impressive, are they? Looking at the shade of the bones, I would guess these built up over years because of the discoloration. It's doubtful that this pile of bones was big enough to cause any significant damage to the North American herd. Quite frankly this quantity of bones is processed by a large meat packing facility each week. So just exactly how did the voyageurs, goods traders, fur traders, Bison hunters, explorers, and settlers conspire together to starve Aboriginals? Just how did the the forest and ice people genocide of Aboriginals take place?
Aboriginal leaders claim the forest and ice people voyageurs, goods traders, fur traders, Bison hunters, explorers, pioneers and settlers in the land of forest and ice killed all the Plains Bison. Wrong. The Indian Wars, Indian Bounties, and mass starvation from the genocide of the Plains Bison killed off the [Indians] in the United States. The land of forest and ice never had the big herds of Plains Bison by the mid 1850's. Dodge, R.I. 1882 wrote "most 'old Plainsmen,' and the Indians . . . admit the northern migration". He goes on to add that these migrations were "principally on the supply of grass." The forest and ice people prairie region did not have enough annual rainfall to keep the Plains Bison in food.
The Plains Bison feed on all the fresh growth of grass from the winter snow, and they were forced back south as fall set in for their feeding requirements. Only a fraction of the Plains Bison even came as far north as the land of forest and ice. These Plains Bison fed the Aboriginals. How many Aboriginals. Here's something hidden in the lies and legends which is often overlooked by Aboriginal of today. The forest and ice people prairie region had one Aboriginal for each 5000 acres of land. Several gatherings of Plains Bison would look like a great herd to a small tribe living in one of those 630 bands, tribes, or reserves across the prairie. The Aboriginal hunter gatherer tribal would spend 13,000 years in this developmentally delayed bubble before the settlement of North America. The other food source was the Wood Bison.
The smaller Wood Bison in the Boreal Forest did not go as far North in the Boreal Forest as story tellers tell. You see Wood Bison are not swamp feeders like the forest and ice people's Moose, agile like the Canadian Elk, or fast jumpers like white tail deer. Each of these take a serious winter kill every few years in deep snow in the forest and ice people's Boreal Forest. The forest and ice people winter is very long for a large grass eating animal in the Boreal Forest. Wood Bison would struggle to run through virgin Boreal Forest in the land of forest and ice. Wood Bison looses. Fur bearing Predator wins. Grizzly, Mountain Lions, Cougar, and Timber Wolves, and Wolves, chasing buffalo through thick bush and in the deep snow? Seriously, who wins that battle? Very high mortality.
Duh. The Wood Bison is picked off all winter each year. How can we be so sure? European history in the circumpolar Boreal Forest written by non developmentally delayed Aboriginals shows support for these assertions. The European Bison survived not far above the 60 N Longitude. That leaves 11 for Wood Bison in the land of forest and ice. The fact is the land of forest and ice never had a lot of Wood Bison. End of story. Even the most generous estimates claim that there was once 168,000 Wood Bison in all of the land of forest and ice. What brings this into perspective is there are approximately 1 million moose in 12 provinces in heavily deforested the land of forest and ice. Did the Aboriginals hunt down Wood Bison with the guns? Yes. Is this the first time Aboriginals hunted animals to extinction? No.
Mainstream bacterial, biological, archeological, and genetic evidence show the North American Aboriginal hunted the Woolly Mammoth to extinction in North America? Woolly Mammoth, Wood Bison, Beaver, Fur Bearing Animals, are more indicative of the Aboriginal respect for nature than "Legend".
Wood Bison had difficulties in the Boreal Forest in Europe and the land of forest and ice. Summer grass gets insufficient light under the tree cover, and growing grass has to fight through a bed of leaves in the spring. The Wood Bison constantly struggle to find enough food to survive in the Boreal Forest. The snow covers the ground from October - April with little grass in the winter. Running from predators is futile. So what did happen to the Wood Bison in the land of forest and ice?
The real story is that the Aboriginals killed off the Wood Bison easily with guns once the fur trade started. It was easy food with a gun. They had the easy hunt for the Wood Bison from 1650 to 1850. Eventually, the small number of Wood Bison neared extinction. The Wood Bison had no strategic advantage for the settler. Only after 1905, and later did settlers in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta start breaking the Boreal Forest for farmland. That's the history of the town drunks son in St. Brieux. Settlers would start deforesting after the Wood Bison were dead.
The Wood Bison was easy food for Aboriginals with guns. The environmentally unconscious Aboriginal hunted down the Wood Bison. Why wouldn't they when all it took was a little currency to kill their furry little carnivores? Now we have the dead harvest and the Wood Bison harvest. Wood Bison were gone before the forest and ice people settlers started clearing bush for farming in the Boreal Forest. Very few of the Settlers with axes clearing the Boreal Forest after 1905 every encountered Wood Bison. Now, Who killed the Plains Bison?
The Americans killed 90 - 95 percent of the Plains Bison by geography and numbers. The facts are the land of forest and ice is 9,984,670 km2 in size as a whole. The modern day number for the open prairie in the land of forest and ice is 1,781,000 km2 with deforestation. The Canadian Encyclopedia estimates original prairie in the land of forest and ice to be 478,110 km2. The natural prairie is very small at less than 4.8 per cent of the land of forest and ice. Many Plains Bison hunters were American Bison Hunters following the herds north in the summer. They crossed an imaginary boundary into the Northwest Territories, and they did not know until they met voyagers, traders, fur traders, forest and ice people Bison Hunters, or Aboriginals who told them they were in the Northwest Territories. The earliest Plains Bison hunters didn't even know they were in the Northwest Territories.
Regina was one of the areas where the "Herds" of the Plains Bison in the summered. The Aboriginals also harvested these Plains Bison for skins and food with guns. Once again they traded for guns, ammunition, cloth, metal products (knives, hatchets, kettles, files), and blankets. Meanwhile, I drove through Binscarth and Foxwarren on my way to Ottawa. This land was not surveyed until the 1870's.
Legally surveyed land would not arrive until 1867 when the imperialist Government of Canada was ordained in the BNA act with legal title known as Confederation. I always think of Confederation as a to Confer a Federation on parts which would become the land of forest and ice. I drove through Solsgirth and Shoal Lake. Legally surveyed land would arrive in 1867 when the paper came to Confer a Federation on the parts. When you Confer a Federation on a people you have to define the very people being allocated the rights and privileges. The fathers of Confer a Federation did this very poorly in what would become the land of forest and ice.
Squatters are not aboriginal. Aboriginal is defined by the the forest and ice people's Imperialist Government. Lack of definition on a piece of paper meant the Voyageurs, Goods Traders, Fur Traders, Bison Hunters, Merchants, Metis, and their families became squatters. Whoever said possession was 9/10th of the law? Whoever said the early bird gets the worm. Don't you just hate nice little lies that make people feel good. I'm sure the Aboriginal lie of their love of nature makes them feel good. Dead Harvest.
Meanwhile, south of the border the Plains Bison was a problem for the Americans in what would become the United States from 1492 - 1850s. Americans are on record as reasoning that killing the Plains Bison would eventually civilize the [Indians]. In the land of forest and ice, we had no bounties on the Aboriginals or the Bison. In the land of forest and ice, Voyageurs, Goods Traders, Fur Traders, Bison Hunters, Merchants, Metis, and their families took Aboriginals as mates. In the land of forest and ice the resulting children were defined as Metis. In the United States the cross breeding with [Indians] resulted in a Half Breed.
The Plains Bison was a major food source and skin in the United States for the [Indians]. The Americans calculated that killing the Plains Bison would "open up" the land for ranching and agriculture. Finally, settlers could be sold land for cattle and farming. The American strategy; Kill the Bison; Starve the Savages; Graze the Land; Break the Land. I drove through Strathclair and Newdale which are on the edge of the first version of Manitoba incorporated in 1870. Notice very few Buffalo River or Bison Valley names throughout the prairies, even thought this is contrary to what you thought you "knew".
Manitoba joined Confederation at 1/8th of it's current size. I passed through the Minnedosa and Neepawa areas of Manitoba, where the pre confederation imperialist Government realized there were people here who were not Aboriginals in 1870 when Manitoba first joined Confederation. Who ever said the early bird gets the worm? The Metis were not Aboriginals as defined by the imperialist Government. They had no worm. The forest and ice people Government finally put a piece of paper to the issue! They never properly defined the people for their Confederation, but they determined who would get the remaining land at what cost. I drove through the Neepawa area of Manitoba, as I thought about that paper.
I felt sorry for the Metis. There parents helped bring the developmentally delayed stone age Aboriginal out of the dark ages. Then, they were treated like "squatters". I know something about the bottom of the barrel, as the town drunks son. The Government discounted the Metis, as squatters. The Government wrote a paper to resolve the issue for these Metis / Squatters. This paper was called the Free Lands Homestead Act of 1872. That piece of paper would deal with those pesky Voyageurs, Goods Traders, Fur Traders, Bison Hunters, Merchants, Metis, and their families expecting something for what they had done. I drove past Gladstone. The town should have been named Sadstone? Paper don't make wrong right. Paper that's wrong just makes killing easier. There would be a good bit of death over that paper.
The Free Lands Homestead Act separated the squatters from the Aboriginals. The Metis had possession? The Metis were early birds? The Metis were half white or black? The Metis did not get any worms at all? The Homestead Act defined the settlement of the North West Territories. The Aboriginals as defined by the imperialist Government were allowed "their" own pieces of their land known as Reserves. The Metis well they were homeless. The Aboriginals took the reserves and the Metis were separated from the Aboriginals.
This also separated the Aboriginals from the rest of the rest of the people in the "uninhabited" lands, if they chose the reservation. The Government applied the same treatment for the Metis across Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta. I drove past Westbourne, MacDonald, and the Cartier area of Manitoba, while I considered the Free Lands Homestead Act. Land was free! The settler was required to occupy and improve the land either by deforestation or plowing. The cost was $12.00 for the first quarter.
The Plains Bison were dead in the 4.8 percent of the land of forest and ice where they were seasonal inhabitants. The fur bearing animals barely kept a their paws on any of the land. This Free Lands Homestead Act gave 1/4 section or 90 acres of land to the new "settler" of the uninhabited lands. The solution seemed perfect as I drove through Headingley in a darkening sky. I was making good time on my way to Ottawa. I would keep going late into the night.
The city lights of Winnipeg appear from a great distance on a clear day. Red River Valley lights in the distance. "Uninhabited Lands" was a real kick in the head for the Metis. The Homestead Act was a magical act which covered up a lot of dirt. The Homestead Act was officially cut into the country with a surveyors lens. The surveyors lens cut out the uninhabited lands for the Aboriginals. The newly formed Canadian Government cut each 1 square mile into 4 quarters. Each quarter was 1/4 square mile. This was often called the home quarter. The rich could cut more quarters for 12.00 per quarter. Each Section was 4 quarters or 1 mile by 1 mile.
The arbitrary lens cut the end right of St. Brieux Lake with a grid road. The surveyors lens cut the prairie like a piece of cake. The lens continued into the Boreal Forest in the north. The far north became Crown Land cut for logging and mining. There would normally be a dirt road on each mile marker going in 2 directions. Each square of 36 Sections was therefore 6 miles by 6 miles. Most townships had early "settler" areas which became small towns, and this lead to a small town every 10 miles on the prairies. It was neat and tidy. Square. Proper. Free Land. It was after all a Free Land Act. I drove into Winnipeg.
In the land of forest and ice the Plains Bison were not killed off in to subjugate Aboriginals. Instead, Aboriginals were necessary manpower for the "dead harvest" of those fidgety, nervous, wide eyed fur bearing animals. The Americans killed most of their Plains Bison. The aboriginals killed off most of the nervous fur bearing animals for currency. This may appear to be an oversimplification, however fur was the currency of the Aboriginals from the 1600s until the 1850's. The Hudson's Bay trade was in fur and supplies, and the demand for fur tamed the wildlife. The Plains Bison were the dominant herbivore, and they were killed by as many as 3 1/2 million per year by Americans.
The Plains Bison killings made North American ranching and farming possible. The Plains Bison were not slaughtered by the settlement of the land of forest and ice. The demise of the Plains Bison allowed settlement. The Wood Bison was a small number of animals hunted to extinction for food. The descendants of traders, fur traders, Bison hunters, voyageurs, merchants, and explorers mixed genetic material with the aboriginals for 200 years. The offspring were Metis. This group of people helped tame the Northwest Territories for over 200 years.
It is the Metis who were cheated. They made it possible for the settlers to make their stand on the prairie. The settlers had their "Free Lands Homestead Act of 1872." The Metis were looking up from the bottom of the barrel like the town drunks son. People love convenient lies. The Aboriginal got their free land, and the Metis would be back with Louis Riel, later.
The Hudson Bay and Henry Kelsey were trading as early as 1687 along my route to Ottawa. As I drove through Winnipeg, I remembered Harvey's Run in 1974 in the heart of the Red River Valley. I would miss Rhonda and Kim until I saw them a year later on Harvey's Run. However, I still missed Bernadette from Humboldt. Rhonda and Kim were excited to be back with their friends in Winnipeg. We dropped them off in Winnipeg in 1974, and I kept driving southeast on William Avenue toward King Street in Winnipeg. I wondered as I drove towards Ottawa, would I cross trails with the ratting, raping, Clan from Clavet Informants, again?
Just how many lies would the Little Whore from Clavet be telling now that I left Saskatoon. In a way, I felt sorry for Becky growing up with the Clan from Clavet. She was young. Her part of the ratting, raping, backstabbing informant days with the Clan from Clavet was just beginning. Would she be working 20th street in Saskatoon with BJ selling drugs and whores the rest of her life? Her Mom and Dad pretty much raised the boys for that job. I didn't think she would be any different. Well, with any luck I would never hear from them again.
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Now, the ghosts, the dead, the Punished, and the Punishers!
